Angle closure and angle-closure glaucoma

The topic for World Glaucoma Association Consensus 12 was angle closure and angle-closure glaucoma. Global experts were invited and assembled by our international Co-Chairs, beginning in June 2024, to draft a literature review and participate in an online discussion on this topic. Consensus was reached for each of the six sections on key issues relating to definitions, diagnosis, and management. The results of these thoughtful discussions were then summarized with preliminary consensus statements for each section. The draft of the Consensus Report, including the preliminary consensus statements, was distributed to the Section Leaders prior to the Consensus Meeting, which took place in Honolulu on Tuesday June 25, 2025. During the meeting, the Co-Chairs, Section Leaders, and participants engaged in a lively and thought-provoking session to review and revise the consensus statements. With the foundational consensus statements, the Co-Chairs and Section Leaders oversaw the updating of their respective texts. The wisdom that emerged from the group surpassed the influence of any individual expert. The Consensus Report was then finalized by the Co-Chairs and editors.Throughout the process, it was challenging to reach consensus on subject matters for which clinical opinions vary widely and practice patterns are highly diverse. In large part, this reflects the often limited evidence that guides current clinical practice. Hence, this Consensus is based not only on the published literature, but also on expert opinion. Although consensus does not replace, nor is it a surrogate for, scientific investigation, it does provide considerable value, especially when the desired evidence is lacking.The goal of this Consensus is to provide a foundation for diagnosing and managing angle closure and angle closure glaucoma. It also seeks to identify those areas lacking in evidence where there is a need for additional research. In other words, this Consensus Report can serve as a benchmark of our understand-ing of what is known and what we would still like to know.