Modern logic and research methods

In writing this book, the author followed a specific approach. In it, he studied the relationship between ancient logic and modern logic, and presented observation, experiment, hypotheses, and methods for verifying their validity. Then he addressed the issues of analysis and synthesis, and the relationship between cause and law. Finally, a presentation of research methods in the mathematical and natural sciences, sociology, and history. This is why this unique book is a permanent reference for all readers and students of logic and research methods. Mahmoud Qasim says: "e;I learned that books are not written for a particular sect, nor for a specific level. Rather, they must be written for a broader cultural environment, and be more oriented to the future than to the present. However, I saw that deepening research does not necessarily preclude ease."e; In presentation, I think that one of the two things is a result of the other, and this is what I think, not arrogantly, that I have achieved to a large extent in this edition."e;This book traces the long journey that logic took from Aristotle to the experimental method, and the author believes that Aristotle's logic is a historical logic that expresses one of the stages that human thought went through, when it was linked to the movement of sciences in the ancient era, especially mathematical sciences. While modern logic, which is the logic of induction or the experimental method, follows the path of mathematical reasoning. Meaning that every method in research must be a hypothetical-deductive method, and that this general method of thinking varies in detail according to the nature of the topics it addresses in the various sciences. Thus, methodological methods specific to each science arise, and observation, experiment, comparison, statistics, and so on appear, but the essence remains the same, which is that the researcher sets hypotheses in order to derive their results from them, and then verifies their validity, either through mathematics or through observation and experiment.